Water source dynamics of high Arctic river basins          下载免费PDF全文

Phillip J. Blaen  David M. Hannah  Lee E. Brown  Alexander M. Milner 《水文研究》2014,28(10):3521-3538

Arctic river basins are amongst the most vulnerable to climate change. However, there is currently limited knowledge of the hydrological processes that govern flow dynamics in Arctic river basins. We address this research gap using natural hydrochemical and isotopic tracers to identify water sources that contributed to runoff in river basins spanning a gradient of glacierization (0–61%) in Svalbard during summer 2010 and 2011. Spatially distinct hydrological processes operating over diurnal, weekly and seasonal timescales were characterized by river hydrochemistry and isotopic composition. Two conceptual water sources (‘meltwater’ and ‘groundwater’) were identified and used as a basis for end‐member mixing analyses to assess seasonal and year‐to‐year variability in water source dynamics. In glacier‐fed rivers, meltwater dominated flows at all sites (typically >80%) with the highest contributions observed at the beginning of each study period in early July when snow cover was most extensive. Rivers in non‐glacierized basins were sourced initially from snowmelt but became increasingly dependent on groundwater inputs (up to 100% of total flow volume) by late summer. These hydrological changes were attributed to the depletion of snowpacks and enhanced soil water storage capacity as the active layer expanded throughout each melt season. These findings provide insight into the processes that underpin water source dynamics in Arctic river systems and potential future changes in Arctic hydrology that might be expected under a changing climate. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Tectonostratigraphic framework and depositional history of the deepwater Ulleung Basin,East Sea/Sea of Japan     

Kyoung-Jin Kim  Dong-Geun Yoo  Nyeon-Keon Kang  Bo-Yeon Yi 《Basin Research》2020,32(4):613-635

The Ulleung Basin, East Sea/Japan Sea, is a Neogene back-arc basin and occupies a tectonically crucial zone under the influence of relative motions between Eurasian, Pacific and Philippine Sea plates. However, the link between tectonics and sedimentation remains poorly understood in the back-arc Ulleung Basin, as it does in many other back-arc basins as well, because of a paucity of seismic data and controversy over the tectonic history of the basin. This paper presents an integrated tectonostratigraphic and sedimentary evolution in the deepwater Ulleung Basin using 2D multichannel seismic reflection data. The sedimentary succession within the deepwater Ulleung Basin is divided into four second-order seismic megasequences (MS1 to MS4). Detailed seismic stratigraphy interpretation of the four megasequences suggests the depositional history of the deepwater Ulleung Basin occurred in four stages, controlled by tectonic movement, volcanism, and sea-level fluctuations. In Stage 1 (late Oligocene through early Miocene), syn-rift sediment supplied to the basin was restricted to the southern base-of-slope, whereas the northern distal part of the basin was dominated by volcanic sills and lava flows derived from initial rifting-related volcanism. In Stage 2 (late early Miocene through middle Miocene), volcanic extrusion occurred through post-rift, chain volcanism in the earliest time, followed by hemipelagic and turbidite sedimentation in a quiescent open marine setting. In Stage 3 (late middle Miocene through late Miocene), compressional activity was predominant throughout the Ulleung Basin, resulting in regional uplift and sub-aerial erosion/denudation of the southern shelf of the basin, which provided enormous volumes of sediment into the basin through mass transport processes. In Stage 4 (early Pliocene through present), although the degree of tectonic stress decreased significantly, mass movement was still generated by sea-level fluctuations as well as compressional tectonic movement, resulting in stacked mass transport deposits along the southern basin margin. We propose a new depositional history model for the deepwater Ulleung Basin and provide a window into understanding how tectonic, volcanic and eustatic interactions control sedimentation in back-arc basins.  相似文献   

青海共和盆地中三叠世花岗岩组合岩石成因:地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素约束   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

陈希节  贠晓瑞  雷敏  蔡志慧  张盛生  刘若涵  李毅兵  何碧竹 《岩石学报》2020,36(10):3152-3170

青海共和盆地位于青藏高原东北缘，以往有关共和盆地及邻区早-中三叠世岩浆岩成因机制的认识分歧较大，且研究主要集中在露头岩石方面。本文以共和盆地干热岩GR1井深部花岗岩岩芯样品作为研究对象，对其进行岩石学、长石电子探针、主微量元素地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Lu-Hf同位素研究。矿物组成及长石电子探针测试结果显示花岗岩主要为奥长花岗岩、英云闪长岩及花岗闪长岩。锆石U-Pb测年结果表明，奥长花岗岩的结晶年龄为236.5±1.7Ma，英云闪长岩的岩浆结晶年龄为241.6±3.0Ma。主、微量元素地球化学显示这些花岗岩主要为准铝质，属于高钾钙碱性系列。全岩Ta-Nb-Hf等不相容元素图解及锆石Hf同位素数据表明共和盆地的236.5~241.6Ma花岗岩显示火山弧及同碰撞花岗岩成分特征，说明中三叠世共和地区发生俯冲-碰撞转换。结合本文数据与区域背景资料，作者认为：共和盆地早-中三叠世花岗岩组合的形成与印支期宗务隆洋的南向俯冲作用密切相关，此时，在宗务隆-青海南山-西秦岭北缘存在统一的大陆边缘弧环境；在236~241Ma时发生俯冲-碰撞转换；晚三叠世时宗务隆-青海南山-西秦岭北缘已处于碰撞期和后碰撞期。  相似文献   

湘黔渝毗邻区南华纪岩相古地理及沉积盆地演化     

邹光均  黄建中  凌跃新  谭仕敏  曹创华  黄革非  文春华 《地球学报》2020,41(2):207-218

湘黔渝毗邻区大地构造位置位于扬子陆块东南缘,发育有完整的南华纪沉积记录,同时也是我国南华纪“大塘坡式”沉积型锰矿的重要富集区。通过对区内南华系剖面的详细调查与研究,结合室内综合分析,应用“优势相”成图方法编制了南华纪早世、中世、晚世岩相古地理图件。研究表明:受Rodinia超大陆全球性裂解作用影响,南华纪时期扬子陆块东南缘发生广泛的裂解作用,形成武陵次级裂谷盆地和雪峰次级裂谷盆地,构成“堑-垒”式古地理格局,南华系是在这一背景下形成的“楔状”沉积体;划分出大陆相组、过渡相组和海相组三大沉积相组,识别出河流相、湖泊相、三角洲相、海岸相以及浅海陆棚相等沉积相及若干沉积亚相等。系列图件的编制恢复了南华纪时期的沉积盆地演化与古地理变迁,建立了沉积盆地演化模式,为区域上沉积型锰矿的预测与寻找提供了一定的沉积学依据。  相似文献   

白垩系膏岩层序对铅锌矿床形成的贡献——以云南兰坪金顶超大型铅锌矿床云龙组为例     

曾招阳  薛传东  刘靖坤 《地球学报》2020,41(5):723-738

通过野外地质观察, 结合勘探资料和前人研究, 本次用K-Ar法对兰坪盆地金顶超大型铅锌矿床云龙组中的伊利石开展测年研究, 并分析典型勘探线剖面的主要围岩、矿体及矿石结构构造特点, 论述了矿区膏岩层序可能的时代及其在成矿过程中的作用和方式, 形成如下初步认识: 金顶铅锌矿区云龙组中黏土矿物伊利石的K-Ar法年龄为(105.7±1.4) Ma, 与前人测得地层中黄铁矿Re-Os等时线年龄(114±13) Ma相近, 表明该套膏岩层序的地层时代为白垩纪阿尔布期(Albian); 膏盐岩呈似层状、透镜状、角砾状赋存于云龙组中上部, 经后期成矿作用改造而形成呈似层状、角砾状、不规则状产出的铅锌矿体, 并常与膏盐岩共存; 铅锌矿体的就位空间既包括原膏岩层序的空间位置, 也包括高孔隙度的景星组砂岩; 巨量的云龙组膏盐岩在成矿过程中通过硫酸盐还原提供丰富的硫, 使铅锌矿床达到超大型规模。因此, 巨量膏岩层的消耗是金顶矿床巨量金属得以富集成矿的关键因素之一, 这对特提斯造山带含膏岩层序内寻找类似矿床具有普遍意义。同时, 该类膏岩层序的对比研究, 对于“金顶式”的MVT型铅锌矿床的区域找矿潜力评判也具有重要的指示价值。  相似文献   

马达加斯加Mahajanga盆地岩溶水文效应     

危润初  孙萌  彭向训  袁汉明  郑仰奇 《中国岩溶》2020,39(3):345-351

本文在对马达加斯加地质演化研究成果分析的基础上，通过野外调查和监测，结合已有水文资料对Mahajanga盆地岩溶的水文效应开展研究。受地质结构、岩性等条件的控制，Mahajanga盆地东部演化形成绵延近300 km的岩溶槽，在西南部则形成面积达12 000 km2的岩溶台地。岩溶槽和岩溶台地的岩溶发育均以水平方向为主，垂直方向发育较浅，岩溶形态则呈现出明显的均等溶蚀特征。盆地东部岩溶槽拦截了大部分来自高原的河流，是马达加斯加最重要的汇流区，同时，特殊的地质结构也演化形成独特的地下“汇流”系统。岩溶槽区内平缓的河床比降、复杂的河流网络、星罗棋布的湖泊和洼地、分布广泛的松散堆积层以及面积广阔的地下岩溶系统，构成了巨大的水循环调节库，对水文过程将产生较大的“滞流”效应。盆地西南部的岩溶台地面积广，规模大，是一个巨大的天然储水“水库”，对地表径流起到重要的调节作用。   相似文献   

滇西陇川断陷盆地地热水化学特征及循环过程     

黄琴辉  张华  康晓波  王波  刘海峰  柴金龙  黄钊  王燕 《中国岩溶》2020,39(6):793-801

通过对陇川盆地开展地热地质调查，查清其地热资源分布:盆地内共出露地热点11处，热储结构类型为带状型和层状型，盆地中部为层状型，两侧盆地边缘为带状型，其中北西部受断裂控制明显，南东部受节理裂隙控制明显。其储热层为变质岩及新近系芒棒组的花岗质砂砾岩、细砂岩；地热水受大气降水影响明显，循环深度都在1 600 m以上，大部分在1 800~2 400 m之间，主要来源于深部热源，通过断裂、裂隙及砂砾石孔隙作为导水、储水上涌通道，接收来自山区补给的地下水混合出露于地表，补给距离在1.5 km以上，如南宛河温泉温度最高，地下水循环深度最深，补给距离最远，达10 km；盆地北东和西部水温高，循环深度深。   相似文献   

文昌B凹陷差异伸展- 走滑机制及控藏作用研究     

江汝锋  周家雄  杨希冰  游君君  李珊珊  陈林  张霞 《地质学报》2020,94(8):2422-2432

为查明文昌B凹陷油气富集差异性的原因，基于断裂展布和形成期次、构造样式组合、构造演化和断层活动的差异等标志，建立了差异伸展- 走滑机制，识别出19洼为伸展- 强走滑、14洼为伸展- 中等走滑、30洼为伸展- 弱走滑。差异伸展- 走滑作用控制了优质烃源岩的展布和供烃方向，控制输导体系类型和运移动力，提供物源通道和改造储层，还控制了圈闭类型和力学性质。进一步深化了走滑增压理论，基于先存断裂形态、伸展应力场右旋演化和应变差异，建立了走滑增压圈闭识别方法，识别出S型增压、右行左阶增压、斜交型增压3种走滑增压构造。研究表明，文昌B凹陷的油气富集受伸展- 走滑构造背景、源- 运时空配置关系所控制，强—中等走滑变形、发育优质中深湖源岩的文昌19洼和14洼是油气富集区。该研究成果成功推动了文昌凹陷近期的多个勘探发现。  相似文献   

中国陆相油页岩含油率与总有机碳的响应机理     

贾建亮  刘招君  孟庆涛  孙平昌  徐进军  柳蓉  白悦悦 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2020,50(2):368-377

为了建立稳定可靠的利用油页岩总有机碳预测含油率的模型，揭示中国陆相不同成因类型油页岩含油率与总有机碳的内在关系极其重要。通过不同类型盆地油页岩钻井取心测试的关键参数，结合沉积学、有机地球化学、热模拟等学科技术，探讨油页岩含油率与总有机碳的响应机理。结果表明：不同盆地类型与沉积背景下发育的油页岩含油率与总有机碳质量分数均呈现良好的正相关性（R²=0.81~0.97）；中国陆相油页岩的成因类型进一步划分为5种类型，制约着含油率与总有机碳的内在关系；油页岩的升温加热模拟呈现3个失重阶段（温度<150、300~550、600~750℃），明确了含油率与总有机碳参数的物理意义；相同类型盆地与沉积背景下形成的油页岩具有相近的母质生源组合，从而具有大致相当的再生烃效率。中国陆相油页岩成因类型的细划、含油率与总有机碳物理意义的明确、油页岩再生烃能力的分析，有助于理解中国陆相油页岩含油率与总有机碳的内在响应关系。  相似文献   

Seismic‐stratigraphic constraints on the age of the Faroe Islands Basalt Group,Faroe–Shetland region,Northeast Atlantic Ocean     

Jana lavsdttir  Martyn S. Stoker  Lars O. Boldreel  Morten Sparre Andersen   luva R. Eidesgaard 《Basin Research》2019,31(5):841-865

Lower Palaeogene extrusive igneous rocks of the Faroe Islands Basalt Group (FIBG) dominate the Faroese continental margin, with flood basalts created at the time of breakup and separation from East Greenland extending eastwards into the Faroe‐Shetland Basin. This volcanic succession was emplaced in connection with the opening of the NE Atlantic; however, consensus on the age and duration of volcanism remains lacking. On the Faroe Islands, the FIBG comprises four main basaltic formations (the pre‐breakup Lopra and Beinisvørð formations, and the syn‐breakup Malinstindur and Enni formations) locally separated by thin intrabasaltic sedimentary and/or volcaniclastic units. Offshore, the distribution of these formations remains ambiguous. We examine the stratigraphic framework of these rocks on the Faroese continental margin combining onshore (published) outcrop information with offshore seismic‐reflection and well data. Our results indicate that on seismic‐reflection profiles, the FIBG can be informally divided into lower and upper seismic‐stratigraphic packages separated by the strongly reflective A‐horizon. The Lower FIBG comprises the Lopra and Beinisvørð formations; the upper FIBG includes the Malinstindur and Enni formations. The strongly reflecting A‐horizon is a consequence of the contrast in properties of the overlying Malinstindur and underlying Beinisvørð formations. Onshore, the A‐horizon is an erosional surface, locally cutting down into the Beinisvørð Formation; offshore, we have correlated the A‐horizon with the Flett unconformity, a highly incised, subaerial unconformity, within the juxtaposed and interbedded sedimentary fill of the Faroe‐Shetland Basin. We refer to this key regional boundary as the A‐horizon/Flett unconformity. The formation of this unconformity represents the transition from the pre‐breakup to the syn‐breakup phase of ocean margin development in the Faroe–Shetland region. We examine the wider implications of this correlation considering existing stratigraphic models for the FIBG, discussing potential sources of uncertainty in the correlation of the lower Palaeogene succession across the Faroe–Shetland region, and implications for the age and duration of the volcanism.  相似文献